The Threat of Overpopulation on Mass-Production Essay Example

The Threat of Overpopulation on Mass-Production Paper Be that as it may, past a specific point, which is characterized as overpopulation, unavoidable losses may set in and these favorable circumstances Of a contend populace will evaporate. In 1 990, the total populace was 1. 6 billion individuals, as of now an aggregate of roughly 6 billion individuals occupy the earth and this number is anticipated to arrive at 16. 4 billion, more than twofold todays populace continuously 2060. As the populace keeps on detonating, numerous scientists and scholars dread that Earths conveying limit will be met sooner rather than later, and if the expectations work out as expected, it will be disastrous and decimating for some. The issue of overpopulation is an issue that faces social orders the world over and isn't simply expanding consistently, however exponentially. The issues of Overpopulation accompany numerous social, practical, natural issues. In spite of the fact that issues of overpopulation can't really be forestalled and disposed of, innovation is being utilized to help improve the circumstances. In this exposition, I need to concentrate on the danger of overpopulation to administrations ethos of large scale manufacturing and mass-utilization by utilizing three representations. In the accompanying conversation, I will initially inspect the negative assent ounce of assets lack and the ecological corruption, which are the most immediate impacts brought about by overpopulation to large scale manufacturing and mass-utilization. This will be trailed by the danger of the rising joblessness and social agitation to the executives. The 3 delineations I need to utilize are the overpopulation in China, India and Australia separately. With a little more than 1. 3 billion individuals, China is the universes most populace nation, taking up generally 25% of the universes populace. We will compose a custom paper test on The Threat of Overpopulation on Mass-Production explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on The Threat of Overpopulation on Mass-Production explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on The Threat of Overpopulation on Mass-Production explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer In particular, for each kilometer, around 139. 6 individuals are living in the sweep. Overpopulation has been such an issue, that China has kept each couple to shoulder just a single youngster. Nonetheless, In the following not many decades, India, he universes second most crowded nation is relied upon to outperform China in populace. Additionally, Indians high populace development isn't just centered around the poor areas of society yet in addition brings about unsatisfactory conditions for developing portions of the Indian populace. The last outline is Australia, as it is view as a last wilderness by numerous individuals since it has a generally little populace of a little more than 1 8 million individuals along with huge measure of mineral riches and assets. Is Australia isn't sheltered from the test of overpopulation, at that point who can be? In the accompanying investigation, will utilize the cut off wedding trip brought about by overpopulation in these three nations to outline the danger of overpopulation on current administration. Shortage of assets and condition corruption It is evident that overpopulation brings about mass-utilization in an enormous degree. The normal degree of utilization is high and a greater part of individuals devour a lot of products and enterprises. What's more, large scale manufacturing is as a general rule the way toward using more vitality and assets to build the profitability and proficiency. To lay it out plainly, the more occupants living in the earth, the more noteworthy the need. Due to overpopulation, individuals devour more, putting expanding strains on the assets that continue humankind. In any case, those assets neglect to manage the blossoming request. In the accompanying, will investigations the impact of the lack of two significant assets, to be specific, food and vitality, because of overpopulation, on large scale manufacturing and mass-utilization. Appraisal of food deficiency One of the fundamental results of overpopulation is an expanding complete interest for food. In particular, lacking development in agrarian creation may truly hurt the large scale manufacturing of the segment of horticultural, prompt contend scale craving and unhealthiness in the poor area, and even imperil the social financial advancement of the whole society. For instance, India highly esteems having been independent in food creation for a considerable length of time, yet the truth of the matter is that India has 16. 8% of universes populace yet just 2. 42% of the land territory and 4% of water assets. As per the International Food Policy Research Institutes 2011 Global Hunger Index, it positions 67 out of 81 nations and has in excess of 200 million food-unreliable individuals, the most on the planet (Bureau Report, 2012). What is more regrettable, as per EUNICE, a third f the universes malnourished kids live in India and overpopulation is by all accounts one of the primary reasons (World radio, 2012). Another model is the quick populace development in Australia, setting off a procedure of land use to less and less and even to strengthening. Additionally, as a result of the fast development in populace, urban territory significantly spread to farmland and regular zones, which influence the quality existence of occupants and decreased the utilitarian limit of common assets (Socks, 1 996, 117). There is no uncertainty that the cut off outcome Of above models are the consequence Of overpopulation. So as to handle the issue of food deficiency, one of the objectives is to build food and land creation. What's more, there are two strategies to accomplish these goals, through broadening developed land real esatate just as through expanding yields. Notwithstanding, the two different ways require a tremendous measure of interest in land improvement and water system. This put extraordinary dangers on the large scale manufacturing of horticulture. Since instead of by expanding land efficiency, the vast majority of the immature nations have as of recently reacted to overpopulation by expanding more land grounds under case; however the issue is that there are insufficient arable land and the majority of nations have just depleted the flexibly of arable land, in this manner, they are confronting an abrupt need to build yields, which is view as fundamentally progressively troublesome because of deficient cash capacity to put resources into innovation to improve the land profitability. This incredible danger, testing the large scale manufacturing in horticulture, most likely clarifies why the creating nations are losing the ability to take care of themselves. Thusly, this danger will eventually bring about a general public of mass destitution, which is in opposition to a general public of ass-utilization. Appraisal of shortage of vitality Another result of overpopulation is vitality deficiency. The unexpected increment in oil value, gaseous petrol and coal, and the trouble of disclosure of new vitality sources signal that vitality supplies were essentially modest. For example, in China, most significant urban communities are confronting power cut as the vitality request tops; along these lines, a large portion of the production lines are power to quit siphoning out merchandise. India is another country confronting vitality emergency. Lacking of vitality, for example, coal, oil and petroleum gas, expect India to import expanding measure of costly non-renewable energy sources, which shelter taken cost for the Indians financial turn of events. Likewise, so as to shield their local shoppers from the worldwide significant expense of vitality, a large portion of the state-run vitality organizations are piling on billions of dollar in misfortunes by selling moderately low value non-renewable energy source. From the model above, we can see that the expanding request of vitality drive up costs of vitality and crude materials and put focus on ports and transportation lines. In this manner, the majority of the vitality expending processing plants need to spare vitality by decreasing the vitality power and improving vitality effectiveness. The significant expense of info and a wide edge for sparing vitality, again put an extraordinary danger on the large scale manufacturing of industrial facilities. Plants face a problem of adjusting the vitality preservation just as the expanded effectiveness in the utilization of vitality and the industrialization and the advancement procedure, which require an incredible utilization of intensity. From the appraisal of the lack of food and vitality, we can reason that given present zooming utilization rates and the evaluated increment in these rates in view of overpopulation, the genuine per capital expense of furnishing individuals with a huge number of merchandise and enterprises dependent on common assets, for example, water, food, crude materials, non-renewable energy sources, etc, will definitely and especially increment. What is more awful,. Proceeding with populace development and the unending quest for monetary advancement have added to the ecological harm. Furthermore, ecological corruption might be forced by the shortage of normal assets As Australias urban areas keep on developing, they are confronting an expanding issue in removal of strong waste. As per State of the Environment Advisory Council, every Australian produces 681 kilograms of trash for each year, while his figure is 513 kilograms in other modern countries. Penmanship (1996) called attention to that New South Wales, the most crowded state in Australia, is confronting a situation emergency because of a developing pile of tires being dumped on local shrub land and private cultivating properties. Corrupt administrators are dumping or covering more than one fourth of the 5,000,000 tires Worn Out in New South Wales every year on detached hedge locales or rented private properties. There is no uncertainty that most processing plants and organizations need to manage the natural issue and obviously the administration will handle the ecological contamination by fining the producers and make progressively natural limitations on them. In this manner, Taking into record of the shortage of assets and condition corruption, business visionaries endure rising info costs, for example, land costs and cost of crude materials in light of the littler measure of the assets and the trouble to pick up evaluate

Workplace Writing Report Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Working environment Writing - Lab Report Example Specialized composing holds enormous significance in the field of programming designing on the grounds that so as to compose the calculated outlines, methods, perusing and composing model codes, proposition, a sound information on specialized composing is required. So as to give a more noteworthy connection between specialized composition and programming building, I played out a meeting of Mor Harchol-Balter who is a Professor of Computer Science and gives a more critical glance at the utilization of specialized writing in the field of programming designing. Mor Harchol-Balter, a Professor of Computer Science at the Carnegie Mellon University, got her doctorate from the Computer Science office at the University of California at Berkeley in 1996. Following this, she went through three years in MIT under the NSF Postdoctoral Fellowship in Mathematical Sciences. She has gotten various best paper grants as well as various showing grants too. She is at present filling in as the Associate Department Head for Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. On Wednesday April 15, 2015, at 2:30 PM, a proper solicitation was sent to Dr. Mor Harchol-Balter combined with an example of 10 inquiries addresses which were to be secured during the meeting. The proper solicitation was sent by means of email. Dr. Mor Harchol-Balter reacted to the conventional welcome at 5:45 PM on April 17, 2015. Her reaction incorporated a period and date for the meeting. The meeting occurred at the EUSES lab at the Oregon State University, on April 19, 2015 beginning at 10:00 AM and consummation at 10:30 AM. Over a time of 30 minutes, we examined her present compositions, her objective and furthermore her past encounters. Dr. Balter additionally demonstrated an example report. In any case, since the example being a venture proposition was not allowed by Dr.Balter to be imitated or duplicated, the example was broke down and a comparable example was joined in Appendix B. An email expressing gratitude toward Dr. Balter was sent after the

January Admission Notes - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

December/January Admission Notes - UGA Undergraduate Admissions December/January Admission Notes The Holiday break is coming up, which means a large number of students will be completing their application (or part II of their deferred EA application). Here are some suggestions for Regular Decision and Deferred Early Action applicants to review. Patience. Patience is key, as this time of year brings out a rush of supporting materials. We will receive tens of thousands of documents over the next month, and we need time to match these items up, enter them into our system, and have them show up on the application status page. We have made great strides in importing documents, so the status page is almost a live feed, but mailed items take a little longer to add to a file. You do not need to call/email us if you do not see an item on your Status page. Give us 10 business days from when you applied or the document was sent (not requested but actually sent), whichever was later. As well, make sure your name on your documents matches your application data (and both name and email on test scores). Part II for Deferred applicants. For deferred EA applicants, your next step is to make sure you complete part II of the application (the 3 short essays), give us any updates on the Update section, and contact a teacher through your status page about sending in a recommendation. Test Scores. We will take the January SAT for admissions review for this year and the February ACT (without Writing!), but these are the last exams we can use. In addition, you need to make sure to request as a score recipient when you sign up, as we have to keep on a timeline in order to get decisions out in a timely fashion. Fall Grades. While we do not require fall senior grades due to some high schools not having these ready until mid-February or later, we do heavily suggest you send in Fall grades. These can be sent in through the Update section of part II for Deferred EA applicants or by your counselor sending in an updated transcript. If you have a dip in senior grades, it is better to let us know now (and explain it) rather than us finding out in June and having to possibly rescind an admission offer. Timelines. Review theTimelinespage on this blog, as it can give you more details on when things will occur. We do not have rolling freshman decisions, but instead have three decision release dates. One, the EA decision date in November, has already passed, another small group of admissions offers will go out for RD/deferred EA applicants who meet our Early Action admission criteria (see last yearsFebruary postfor details on this group), and our final decisions will go out in mid-late March. Responsibility. While your parents, your HS counselor, and our office are here to help you with the application process, the ultimate responsibility for your application resides with you. Make sure that we have all the items needed for review, check your emails and your status page for details, and make sure that you have a complete application ready for us to review. The worst calls are always the ones from students where we were not able to make a decision, even with our reminder emails, phone blasts and text updates. Take care of your application. Scholarships. From about mid-November through mid-April, our office will be reviewing files and awarding scholarships to a limited number of admitted students. This is not a quick process, so please be patient as we do this. If you are awarded a scholarship, you will receive a letter in the mail, and email will be sent out, and a scholarship section will appear on your status page. You do not need to call/email about this process, just have patience. File Reading.From early January through about mid-March, the counselors in our office will be reading files. We will be reading, then reading more, then reading even more. As such, we will be limiting travel, we will have quiet time in our office where our counselors focus on reading and are not available to answer questions, and we will focus almost all our attention on reading files. Please be patient and think positive thoughts for our sanity. Finish strong. Admission to any university does not end with an acceptance and a deposit. It ends after you graduate from high school, when we review your final transcript. Senior year is a time of celebration, but dont take this to the extreme. We will be looking at senior grades and any new conduct issues, so make sure that you finish up your senior year academically and personally on the right note. I do not want to have to call you and ask why your grades tanked during the last semester, and I do not think you want to talk to me either. Keep on track with things. Good luck, and Go Dawgs!

Exceptions to Indefeasibility - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1854 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Exceptions to indefeasibility Indefeasibility of title which means that the ownerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s title or interest in the land become not able to be defeated or doubted by any unfavorable claim which are not stated in the register. The case of Teh Bee v K .Maruthamuthu held that if there is no any of the vitiating factors stipulated in section 340[1] of the National Land Code (NLC) 1965, once the title is registered, it is indefeasible. For example, when Hanif bought a piece of land and then went to Land Office for the purpose of registered the title under his name as to be a legal owner of the land. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Exceptions to Indefeasibility" essay for you Create order Once the registration process is made, then Hanifà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s title of land becomes unchallengeable and indefeasible. However, Indefeasibility is not absolute. There are certain circumstances where the registered title or interest may be invalid or defeated which are stated in section 340(2)[2] under NLC and also by case law. The title of land is can be defeated where there is fraud, misrepresentation, forgery, if the title or interest was unlawfully obtained. Fraud Section 340(2)(a) stated that where the person who obtained the title of the land from another person by way of fraud or deceived, the title of such person can be defeated. The definition of the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"fraudà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ was applied in the Malaysian cases of Tai Lee Finance Co Sdn Bhd v Official assignee Ors [1983]. The court held that: Where the title of land is registered, then the title is indefeasible but under section 340(2) NLC which is obtained the title by way of fraud, so the title can be defeasible. The law is settled that while section 340 makes it very clear that the title or interest of a register owner shall be indefeasible. In the case of actual fraud under section 340(2), such title or interest shall not be indefeasible. The question of existence of fraud is one of fact to be determined in the facts surrounding each particular case. When the person who is claim that they are fraud, then the duty of the person is to find evidences to proof that the fraud is truths. For example, Pai Lang is forges Ho Langà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s signature to transfer the land to him. After Ho Lang discover that his land are being transferred to Pai Lang by the way of forgery, then the Ho Lang must find evidence to proof that Pai Lang is through the way of forgery to transfer his land without knowledge. In addition, the case of Public finance Bhd v Narayanasamy [1971] is also one of the cases that is does not enjoy the indefeasibility provided under section 340 NLC 1965. The court held that the appellantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s insists that the third parties do not have any rights, apart from the right to damages against the respondent for break oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s promise; this is so clearly unreasonable that the learned judge is reasonable in holding that they are guilty of fraud and conspiracy. If they admit that the sub-purchasers have the right to the lands they had paid for, it will be impossible for any court to say that they want to perpetrate a frau d. For example, when the chargee is involved in the guilty of fraud and conspiracy, then the chargeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s application for order of sale of charged land would be defeated. This means that the chargee does not enjoy defeasibility of title as the chargee is obtained the title of land by the way of illegal action. Misrepresentation Lee and Detta (2009, p.730) notes that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"misrepresentationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ within the context of section 340(2) would mean à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"fraudulent misrepresentationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. It is kinds of fraud under the cases of Datuk Jagindar Singh Ors v Tara Rajaratnam. The principle of this case is the interest or title which is able to be defeated by the grounds of any situations provided for in section 340 NCL 1965 remains liable to be void even in the hands of a subsequent purchaser except it can be proved that he is a purchaser in good faith and for valuable consideration. Lee and Detta (2009, p.731) acknowledge that the examples of fraudulent misrepresentation include the following: the suggestion, as to a fact, of that which is not true by one who does not believe it to be true; (Lee and Detta, 2009) The active concealment of a fact by one having knowledge or belief of the fact; (Lee and Detta, 2009) A promise made without any intention of performing it; (Lee and Detta, 2009) Any other act fitted to deceive; and (Lee and Detta, 2009) Any such act or omission as the law specifically declares to be fraudulent. (Lee and Detta, 2009) Forgery Under section 340(2)(b) NLC 1965 states that upon the registration was acquired by the way of forgery, the title of the land for such person is defeasible. The event where such person is not a party to forgery, his title is still defeasibe. For instance, under the cases of Booson Boonyanit v Adorna Properties Sdn Bhd when the forgery by itself would makes the registered title become defeasible regardless of the lack of knowledge on the part of the owner. In other hands, even if he is an innocent purchaser for value but it would also affect the immediate owner. However, in the case of Booson Boonyanit indicate that the subsequent purchasers are protected by section 340 (3)[3] NLC 1965. For example, Lee Gak was looking for the land to build factory and ask for help from his friend, Yong Tae Mu. At that time, Yong Tae Mu already had a land, which was he tricked his grandmother to transfer the land to him. So, Yong Tae Mu sold the land to his friend, Lee Gak. However, Lee Gak did not know that the land was getting by fraud. When Yong Tae Muà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s grandmother wanted to get back the land, she just realized that the land was sold. In section340 NCL 1965 stated that the title or interest of land is indefeasibility upon registration, so Yong Tae Muà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s grandmother can have her land back. Yong Tae Mu had cheated his grandmother to get the land, so his land title is defeasibility which stated in Section 340 (2) National Land Code. However, Yong Tae Mu had already sold the land to his friend, Lee Gak. Lee Gak still can remain the ownership of land because he was the innocent party and the subsequent purchaser is protected by Section 340 (3). In conclusion, Lee Gak had the land and Yong Tae Muà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s grandmother is unable to claim back her land. Basically, the subsequent purchase has the benefit of protection whereas the immediate proprietor does not have are stipulated in Section 340(3). For example, Alexandar is the regis tered owner of the land. Benjamin forges Alexandarà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s signature and transfers a piece of land to himself. Then, Benjamin sells the land and transfer the land to Catherine. But Catherine, who has no being aware of the forgery, she will obtain the indefeasible title. Or if Benjamin forges Alexandarà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s signature and transfers the land from Alexandar to Catherine and Catherine later transfers the land to Damien, then, Damien and not Catherine, who has no knowledge of the forgery, will obtain an indefeasible title. Catherine and Damien in the first and second examples are known as sub-purchasers under section 340(3). Besides than that, chargee may still can succeed in obtaining an order for sale when the land is transferred by the fraud of the transferee and a charge is effected in favour of an innocent 3rd party as illustrated inOwe Then Kooi v Au ThiamSeng Anor Development Commercial Bank Bhd v Au Thin Chai Ors. For example, Park Ha and Joo Se N a are sisters and having closing relationship to each other. But, Park Ha is richer than Joo Se Na and owns some property. Joo Se Na felt jealous to her sister Park Ha and wanted to get her sisterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s property, so, Joo Se Na tricked her sister to transfer her property to Joo Se Na. Her sisters had believed Joo Se Na and agree to transfer her property to Joo Se Na on the spot. Joo Se Na charged the property to Bank Mimi to borrow money after she got the title of land from her sister. Her sister realized that she had been cheated by Joo Se Na while Joo Se Na had already run away with the money which had borrowed from Bank Mimi. Her sister wanted to get back her title of land since she had been cheated. However, she unable to take back her title of land due to there was included the innocent party, which was Bank Mimi. The amount of money lend to Joo Se Na is not able to be recovered, so Bank Mimi had to sell the property to get back their money which is lend to Joo Se N a. Joo Se Naà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s sister, Park Ha still can get the money if there was remaining money after sold the property, vice versa. Lee and Detta, (2009, p.731) acknowledge that this may be compared with the position in Sarawak where section 132[4] of the Sarawak Land Code (cap.81) provides that a purchaser in good faith and for value, provided that he is innocence and commit of any fraud, will obtained an indefeasible title or interest when registration even if the registration has been obtained by the way of forgery or void instrument. (Lee and Detta, 2009) Insufficient or void Instruments Insufficient or void instruments is laid down under section 340(2)(b) NLC 1965. For example, an instrument of dealing may be considered to be adequate if the instrument has failed to comply with certain procedures or formalities as stipulated by the NCL. Thus the procedures or formalities as stipulated by sections 207 to 211 NLC 1965 must be followed or else the instrument of dealing may be considered to be inadequate. Based on the case of Puran Singh v Kchar Singh Anor, another example of an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"inadequate à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"instrument is an instrument of dealing signed by an lawyer according to an invalid or insufficient power of attorney . On the other hand, Lee and Detta (2009, p.732) notes that void instrument would include one which is forged or violation to any restriction in interest to which the land is subject to any prohibition imposed by the Code or any written law. Examples of instruments which are because of prohibition prescribed by law include the foll owing: Transactions made in violation of the Moneylenders Ordinance 1951. (Lee and Detta, 2009) Transactions made in violation of Malay Reservation Enactments. (Lee and Detta, 2009) Position of Subsequent Purchaser Taking Defeasible Title/Interest Lee and Detta (2009, p.732) acknowledge that section 340(3) provided that nothing in this subsection shall affect any title or interest acquired by any purchaser in good faith and for valuable consideration, or by any person or body claiming through or under such a purchaser. The result of section 340(3) is that where a registered title is presented defeasible by the grounds of the circumstances provided under section 340(2) NCL 1965, it is liable to be void not only in the hands of the immediate registered owner but also any subsequent purchaser. [1] Refer to Appendix 14 [2] Refer to Appendix 15 [3] Refer to Appendix 16 [4] Refer to Appendix 17

Geo Engineering And Its Effects On The Future Generations

Currently, geo-engineering has not been developed or tested to ensure its efficacy and safety. I know that this uncertainty can be lessened through predictions or computer-generated simulation. Despite these efforts, there will still be a percentage of uncertainty when it comes to the risk that future generations may face. Hence, developing and utilizing geo-engineering may have adverse effects in the future generations, which becomes an ethical issue. Subjecting the future generation to the unknown effects of carbon removal or aerosol dispersal in the atmosphere may cause more harm for we cannot 100% predict the future. Others may argue that geo-engineering may lead to the ensured survival of the future generations. 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The country’s main industries are agroindustries, production of metal and engineering products, electrical machinery and equipment, petroleum, construction, microelectronics, fishing, and chemicals.20 Involved in multiple international trade agreements, the Netherlands is currently an active member of the World Trade Organization

Should a foreign state provide a mortgage Free Essays

Should a foreign state provide a mortgage for a diplomatic mission of another foreign state? BY FeltxR02 Diplomatic Law Should a foreign state provide a mortgage for a diplomatic mission of another foreign state? Until the beginning of the 20th Century was generally recognized the principle of international law according to which foreign states cannot be sued in courts of a foreign country (the principle of absolute immunity). This has proven to be unsustainable due to increasing economic activities of public authorities. It has been abandoned by most Jurisdictions. We will write a custom essay sample on Should a foreign state provide a mortgage or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Germany for example the principle of limited immunity is now practiced since the beginning of the 1960s. Therefore foreign States only enjoy immunity when they act in the name of their sovereignty (acta lure imperil). For claims arising from economic activity (acta lure gestionis) the foreign state cannot rely on its freedom of Jurisdiction. This can certainly be seen in a mortgage, because in international law not the purpose of government action, but he nature of the action determines whether it is a actum Jure imperil or lure gestionis. So there is generally a private law relationship between the bank and the ambassador, as a representative of the country. With the threat of payment default, the bank could therefore theoretically initiate enforcement and claim the money in court. Problems arise, however, in the enforcement of the claim, since Article 22 paragraph 3 of the Vienna Convention of 1961 rules that the buildings of an Embassy re excepted from any enforcement. For actions of enforcement or execution against a foreign State it is not allowed to take any measures against the things the diplomatic missions needs for its diplomatic representation and to the performance of their official functions (ne impediatur Legatio). In resume it can be dangerous for the bank to give the mortgage to the countries representatives, though you have the possibility of trying to enforce your claim. How to cite Should a foreign state provide a mortgage, Papers

Knowledge Limits Essay Example For Students

Knowledge Limits Essay Over history, the human race has striven for truth and understanding logic. Whentrying to understand this, a person approaches the philosophical question,What can I know? With this philosophical question comes the epic battlebetween whether or not a person should base an opinion on empicism orrationalism. I believe that I need to be shown facts and logic to understandsomething, however I also rely on my senses to strengthen my self. First of allempicism is when a person bases what they have seen on pure senses, or when aperson just relies on their five senses to explain what they see around them. However, if a person relies on logic and fact, that person is a rationalist. Ibelieve that a person should use facts and logic to explain events, simplybecause basing something on sight alone is not reliable, and there is nothing toback up ones theory. There are many instances that support my reason to chooserationalism over empiricism. Take the apparent sightings of UFOs (undefinedflying object) people have claimed to see these objects, yet there is littleevidence that proves their claim. The question arises how can a person provethis? The answer is they cannot because there are not facts or logic that backit up? Nevertheless, there are the evident sightings of the lock nessmonster, which again is only based on empiciam. Since all of sighting arebased on a persons senses. Then, there is the major question of the existenceof god. I firmly believe that there is a holy God, and this supernatural beingis involved in our every day life. This God is holy and will punish the peoplethat wro ng the society, and will praise the goodness. I also believe that thisGod was the creator of the universe, and the reality that we live in today. Thesis: I believe that rational and logical thinking should be used to solveproblems, because 1) Rationalism better explains problems then empiricism, 2)That miracles have reasons and can be explained, in spite of 1) If God is holythen why is there suffering, 2) What evidence proves the existences of God. Theholy God can explain miracles and other phenomenal events, because everythinghas a reason. Miracles happen to praise the good and helps destroy the bad. Whena person looks closely at the Bible they may see many stories that involvephenomenal events. With this God have miracles take place for a purpose, inorder for the suffering and the bad to be destroyed. Take for example, Mosesparting the Red Sea, in this phenomenal event he allowed his people to walkthrough the parted Sea. When doing this Moses cleared away the water in orderfor his people to get to the other side, clearly this is a miracle. The storyabout the parting of the Red Sea has several different versions, but isgenera lly the same. With this God seems to have miracles happen for a purpose tohelp the good. In conclusion to this thought I believe that God is the creatorof miracles and phenomenal events. I believe that I am a rationalist and aperson should only rely on logic and facts to understand problems. I believethat when a person thinks with a rational mind they are able to comprehendbetter. Using an empirical mind a person is just focused on their senses andthen that person is limited to just their senses. With this a person cannot usetheir logical mind. Therefore that person is unable to make an accurateassumption. In conclusion a person should use logical reasoning to solveproblems, because logic can be more accurate then a persons senses. An opponentmight question how can God be holy and yet have all the sufferings in todayssociety. My reason to this objection is that God works in mysterious ways and byhaving suffering now may save people in the long run. For instances if God killsa person now, maybe in a couple years that person took the suffering away frommany others. Also, there is another reason why God would have suffering, is topunish another person for wrongdoing. God creates sufferings in his world, inorder to help people realize their mistakes so they do not make the samemistakes twice. As a holy God he must punish people for sinning, to help praisethe good citizens as well. Also, another question an opponent mightsuggest is that how do you know there is a God? The Bible is a written documentthat states the there is a God, and it helps better understand the existences ofthe Supreme Being. Also, going back to the thought of miracles, science cannotexplain miracles. Furthermore there has to be a Supreme Being creating thesemiracles. With these examples, I firmly believe that there is a God, and thisbeing is the creator of the universe. .ubf4eab6699bc95682f9730868ce41f29 , .ubf4eab6699bc95682f9730868ce41f29 .postImageUrl , .ubf4eab6699bc95682f9730868ce41f29 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubf4eab6699bc95682f9730868ce41f29 , .ubf4eab6699bc95682f9730868ce41f29:hover , .ubf4eab6699bc95682f9730868ce41f29:visited , .ubf4eab6699bc95682f9730868ce41f29:active { border:0!important; } .ubf4eab6699bc95682f9730868ce41f29 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubf4eab6699bc95682f9730868ce41f29 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubf4eab6699bc95682f9730868ce41f29:active , .ubf4eab6699bc95682f9730868ce41f29:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubf4eab6699bc95682f9730868ce41f29 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubf4eab6699bc95682f9730868ce41f29 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubf4eab6699bc95682f9730868ce41f29 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubf4eab6699bc95682f9730868ce41f29 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubf4eab6699bc95682f9730868ce41f29:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubf4eab6699bc95682f9730868ce41f29 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubf4eab6699bc95682f9730868ce41f29 .ubf4eab6699bc95682f9730868ce41f29-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubf4eab6699bc95682f9730868ce41f29:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: I Will Never Back Down EssayPhilosophy

Managing a culturally diverse workforce

Jobs Friends and Their Contributions to the Message of Job

Jobs Friends and Their Contributions to the Message of Job Introduction The Book of Job has been one of the most controversial parts of Bible. Many preachers find it difficult to talk about Job’s message with their congregation as the book touches upon some of the most serious and difficult issues concerning the faith.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Jobs Friends and Their Contributions to the Message of Job specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some regard The Book of Job as a literary masterpiece where wisdom of the nation was revealed.1 Admittedly, the book is seen as one of the brightest examples of the â€Å"book of wisdom†.2 The book contains the eternal questions of people concerning suffering. The story of Job is a didactic illustration of God’s almightiness. However, it is possible to note that the story itself is an axiom to be taken for granted whereas the dialogues of Job’s friends can be and should be considered in detail. The dialogues ma nifest people’s eternal hesitations and quest for the reason. Notably, speeches of Job’s friends can be regarded as an example of the discourse that has not finished yet. The discourse is confined to questions raised (which are revealed in speeches of Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar) and answers provided (these answers can be found in Elihu’s speech). The Two Views First, it is necessary to note that Job as well as his friends remains unaware of the reason of Job’s sufferings. They never knew why Job had to suffer.3 This is a very important point as it perfectly reveals the concept of faith. People cannot be sure in anything concerning faith. They have not found the reason yet. Likewise, Job’s friends and Job do not know why Job has to suffer. Noteworthy, they try to find a particular reason.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Job’ s friends and even Job himself â€Å"all shared a basic traditional sense of divine justice without which the whole moral nature of the universe would be upended†.4 However, there is no particular answer to their major question at the end of the book. Even though Elihu and Job are praised for their rightfulness, it is not explicitly stated that they were right in their views on the universal justice. God does not reveal the reason of Job’s suffering to Job and his friends. The book simply depicts a particular example, i.e. Job’s sufferings which can hardly be justified. The book also contains a dominating view on suffering, i.e. suffering can only be certain punishment for misdeeds.5 The book also contains another view on the matter. It is suggested that people should not think about reasons and causes and just to accept anything the universe has to offer. Importantly, God supports one of these views as revealed in the book. However, The Book of Job does not con tain a precise answer but just reveals people’s views on suffering and universal justice. One (Dominating) Opinion Eliphaz As has been mentioned above, Job’s friends have a very specific and important role in the book as they represent two opposing views on faith. First, the role of Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar should be considered. The three friends are sure that the basic law is based on moral principles which are persistent in the society, i.e. any wrongdoing should be punished and righteous deeds should be rewarded.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Jobs Friends and Their Contributions to the Message of Job specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, the three friends deem that Job sinned since he is punished.6 Eliphaz exclaims, â€Å"Who ever perished being innocent? / Or where the upright destroyed†7. Eliphaz believes that people cannot be sinless as everyone sins. Bildad The three friends ar e sure there must be some hidden sins. Thus, Bildad notes that Job’s children died because they were sinful, and their death is their punishment. Bildad also rebukes Job for being too verbose, â€Å"How long until you make an end of words? / Be sensible and then we can speak†8. Bildad claims that his verbosity can be nothing but evidence of Job’s guilt.9 Therefore, the three friends try to convince Job to confess and tell about his hidden sin. Noteworthy, the three friends cannot understand what sin Job committed as his life does seem rightful. Zophar It is important to note that the three friends appear from the start of the book. Their speeches make up a considerable part of the book. Thus, Eliphaz and Bildad speak three times and Zophar speaks twice.10 The role the three friends play in the book is a certain reflection of the dominating view on the nature of suffering. Most people still think that suffering is certain punishment for some sins. Most people (ju st like the three friends) think that there is supreme justice. It is also noteworthy that Zophar wishes that God â€Å"would open [God’s] lips to† Job to tell him â€Å"the secrets of wisdom†.11 The three friends strive to know the major secret.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They want to have a specific explanation and justification of suffering. Again, this is a reflection of people’s quest for the reason. Elihu’s Opinion As far as the fourth friend of Job is concerned, he appears at the end of the book. Elihu is not introduced with other friends at the beginning of the book. He stands out, just like his opinion does. Elihu supports the viewpoint of Job’s friends as for the universal justice. He stresses that God is always just in every of his deeds.12 However, Elihu’s idea of suffering differs greatly from Job’s friends’ opinions. Elihu claims that suffering is not only a form of punishment, but it can be preventive in nature. Thus, Elihu states that Job’s suffering is certain kind of precautions to keep him from sins. Elihu notes that the suffering helps people to remain rightful.13 Elihu claims that God â€Å"opens their [people’s] ears, / and terrifies them with warnings, / to spare their sou ls from the Pit†.14 Therefore, the man notes that people cannot understand the secrets of God’s wisdom even if God explicitly reveals the secrets. According to Elihu, people should accept anything God prepares for them. People should never even consider their destiny or fate. They should live their lives and accept everything: joy and suffering. Notably, Elihu reveals another opinion which has never been popular among people. It is necessary to take a closer look at Elihu as a character. He is the youngest. This can be a symbol of the ‘age’ of the idea. Apparently, the idea was quite new when the book was being written. At that, Elihu appears at the end of the book and he only speaks once.15 This can be a symbol of unpopularity of the idea. Admittedly, there have always been a few people who share such an opinion. A few people have been ready to accept everything the life has to suggest without any questions or complaints. Noteworthy, Elihu is a humble spea ker as he listens to Job and Job’s friends without interrupting, â€Å"I am young in years, / and you are aged; / therefore I was timid and afraid / to declare my opinion to you†.16 Elihu’s opinion is not very popular and it is presented in a very humble way. At the same time, this opinion is presented as the right one as God praises Elihu for being so rightful. Conclusion It is possible to note that Job’s friends play a significant role in the book as Job is only an example to consider while the friends analyze the example. This analysis is a reflection of major opinions on suffering and God’s justice. Thus, Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar represent the dominating viewpoint on the matter. These men claim that suffering is certain punishment for people’s sins. They also strive to understand the secrets of God’s wisdom. Admittedly, all people want to understand the reason for everything happens to them. At the same time, Elihu also thinks that there is universal justice. However, Elihu’s concept of justice is somewhat different as he thinks that suffering should not be necessarily a form of punishment as it can be certain prevention. Elihu also claims that people should not try to understand why something is happening as people are not capable of understanding God’s wisdom. This viewpoint does exist, but it is not widespread. Therefore, Job’s friends’ discussion is a reflection of the views that have existed in the Christian world. The discussion of Job’s friends is what provides theological background to consider Job’s sufferings as a particular example of God’s justice and wisdom. Bibliography Dell, Katharine Julia. The Book of Job as Sceptical Literature. New York, NY: Walter de Gruyter, 1991. Hartley, John E. The Book of Job. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1988. La Sor, William Sanford, David Allan Hubbard, Frederic William Bush, Leslie C. Alle n. Old Testament Survey: The Message, Form, and Background of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1996. Parsons, Gregory W. â€Å"Guidelines for Understanding and Proclaiming the Book of Job.† Bibliotheca Sacra 151 (1994): 393-413. Parsons, Gregory W. â€Å"The Structure and Purpose of the Book of Job.† Bibliotheca Sacra 138, no. 550 (1981): 139-157. Phillips, Elaine A. â€Å"Speaking Truthfully: Job’s Friends and Job.† Bulletin for Biblical Research 18, no.1 (2008): 31-43. Rhodes, Arnold B. W. Eugene March. The Mighty Acts of God. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 2000. Waters, Larry J. â€Å"The Authenticity of the Elihu Speeches in Job.† Bibliotheca Sacra 156 (1999): 28-41. Waters, Larry J. â€Å"Reflections on Suffering from the Book of Job.† Bibliotheca Sacra 154 (1997): 436-451. Wharton, James A. Job. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 1999. Footnotes Gregory W. Pars ons, The Structure and Purpose of the Book of Job, Bibliotheca Sacra 138 no. 550(1981): 139. Katharine Julia Dell, The Book of Job as Sceptical Literature. (New York, NY: Walter de Gruyter, 1991), 58. Arnold B. Rhodes and W. Eugene March, The Mighty Acts of God. (Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 2000), 204. Elaine A. Phillips, Speaking Truthfully: Job’s Friends and Job, Bulletin for Biblical Research 18 no. 1(2008): 31. Ibid., 31. Gregory W. Parsons, Guidelines for Understanding and Proclaiming the Book of Job, Bibliotheca Sacra 151 (1994): 403. Cited in Larry J. Waters, Reflections on Suffering from the Book of Job, Bibliotheca Sacra 154 (1997): 442-443. Cited in John E. Hartley, The Book of Job. (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1988), 273. Ibid. Elaine A. Phillips, Speaking Truthfully: Job’s Friends and Job, Bulletin for Biblical Research 18 no. 1(2008): 34. Cited in James A. Wharton, Job. (Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 1999), 179. William Sanford La Sor, David Allan Hubbard, Frederic William Bush, Leslie C. Allen, Old Testament Survey: The Message, Form, and Background of the Old Testament. (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1996), 481. William Sanford La Sor, David Allan Hubbard, Frederic William Bush, Leslie C. Allen, Old Testament Survey: The Message, Form, and Background of the Old Testament. (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1996), 481. Cited in James A. Wharton, Job. (Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 1999), 143. Larry J. Waters, The Authenticity of the Elihu Speeches in Job, Bibliotheca Sacra 156 (1999): 39-39. Cited in James A. Wharton, Job. (Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 1999), 141.

Effective Leaders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Effective Leaders - Essay Example To lead, you require some qualities such as strength of mind, the eagerness to determine, defy the class quo, proceed for what you accepted as true, hazard, negative responses, rise up against power, and modify. To make my opinion more clear and effective I would describe the difference between Managerial work and leadership. Managerial work is a division of leadership abilities. It is often heard that people try to divide them that they are leaders, but not managers. But the people who use to say this are usually incorrect while it appears to attracting the supporters which formulates it hard to judge them as victorious leaders. A leader is somebody who does things perfectly and who knows where to go. Where as managerial work is how to do things perfectly and how they really get there. A student of a college or school who makes a group of friends together to go to picnic, so he is acting not just as a leader, but as well as a manager. Someone who wants to be a leader, but does not want to do with managerial work is a self-indulgent. Leadership and managerial work always collaborate in order give an efficient result. Straightforwardly, managerial work is the procedure of describing and calculating the success. A leader is the one who places the idea, describes victory, and verifies the capacity of success will be extra efficient than the similar leader who wishes to place the idea but declines to accept any effort in the managerial area. Therefore, effective leader is a person who controls and makes an impact on people. Every person owns leadership potential. Effective Leadership is not restricted to group decision-making or high flier. Effective Leadership can, and frequently does, 'appear from inside. Every person of your Land concern group is a helper. Helpers are not essential to do something. They are stimulated to accomplish things. Motivation can appear firstly from the wish to improve the surroundings or make better farm production, however it requires be continuously revitalization, and communicating. That is where effective leadership enters. To be an effective leader one should have make up hisher mind and set tasks, it will assist to decide what the followers desire to get. It might be up to the Leader to begin this procedure, but it is much simple to guide a group when a leader suggests where the group wishes to move. To make the leadership more effective leaders have to observe their group members. The most excellent technique to do this is by starting discussions and after that paying attention to the group. By listening, Leader will observe regarding their benefit and find out ways so that they can be more concerned in the group. They should converse evidently and normally. Explain their group aims and ethics, and keep distributing their ideas with their workers. Effective Leaders always engage workers in arranging goals. They give many advices on how can they move toward the tasks. Leaders have to give their workers few responsibilities and authority and guide them. Effective Leaders have to be liable on their selves. Establish a consultative board or managerial team to support them to make better planned decisions and the team could give them opinion on their own work. Effective leaders should be honest with their work and expand faith to their workers. That will help leaders to be dependable and make the company stronger. To be an effective

The Essential Activity of Christian Ministry Essay

The Essential Activity of Christian Ministry - Essay Example It has been ascertained that there exists certain similarities as well as difference between the above mentioned aspects of education, discipleship and spiritual formation (Bridges 2006). Correspondingly, this paper intends to critically discuss the various essential activities performed by the Christian ministry and will come up with illustrating the most vital activity among the aforesaid three dimensions. Education, Discipleship and Spiritual Formation Education, discipleship and spiritual formation are considered among the essential activities performed by the Christian ministry. Education, in this context, means producing discipleship among the people who worship Jesus Christ. One of the primary aims of the Christian education is to develop discipleship among people. Furthermore, discipleship in Christianity is regarded as the relationship between the Lord with His disciples. Contextually, it can be firmly related as a relationship between the teacher and student or as a relatio nship between the master and learner. A true disciple is argued to be one who abides by all the teachings of Jesus and spread the acquired knowledge to other people. On the other hand, spiritual formation is an attempt directed towards deepening faith in Lord and furtherance of spiritual enhancement amid the community (Glandion, 2012). It is also regarded as the means through which life can be led with spirituality and prosperity. All these aspects are considered to be among the important or essential activates performed by the Christian ministry as its essential activities (Hinkel, 2012). Comparing and Contrasting the Essential Activities of Christian Ministry All the above mentioned aspects are similar to each owing to the reason that all of them work towards stimulating the augmentation of human faith in God. It has been observed in this regard that education, as an activity of Christian ministry not only signifies Christian learning but also used to develop discipleship among th e people who worship Jesus. In this context, spiritual formation of people includes some of the traditional methods of discipleship like fasting, Bible reading and prayer among others. Correspondingly, the activity of Christian education follows a predetermined format while the activity of spiritual formation changes with the quest of people to find Lord and His guidance. It has been observed that Christian education is considered to be head knowledge while spiritual formation is considered as knowledge gained straight from heart. Simultaneously, there also persists a considerable difference between discipleship with Christian education as well as spiritual formation. In the realm of Christianity, discipleship is admitted to be quite challenging as compared to spiritual formation and education activities. In contrast to Christian education and spiritual formation, discipleship is regarded as a continuous process wherein a follower of Jesus is firmly involved in introducing other peo ple to Jesus as Savior and Lord. Unlike education and spiritual formation, discipleship requires commitment to the greatest extent so that the teaching of God can be duly followed and conveyed to other people in the most convincing manner. The above discussed aspect also depicts that these concepts of education, spiritual format

Medical Aspects Of Disaster Management Health And Social Care Essay

Medical Aspects Of Disaster Management Health And Social Care Essay On December 26, 2004, a violent earthquake measuring 9 on the Richter scale struck off the western coast of northern Sumatra. It initiated several tsunamis (tidal waves) that took more than 200,000 lives. It was the deadliest natural disaster in the past quarter of a century. But as horrible as it was, it was but a ripple compared to some quakes in recorded history. In 1556, an earthquake in China took the lives of 830,000 people. In India, an earthquake in 1737 killed 300,000. Almost thirty years ago (1976), a massive quake in China left 655,000 dead. The Sumatra quake, which scientists have measured with modern instruments, was so powerful that it is believed to have moved some islands about 50 feet. In addition, seismologists think that it wobbled the earth on its axis, accelerating the rotation speed, thus shortening the length of our day by fractions of a second which is remarkable in view of the planets precision movements. The 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of TÃ…Â hoku (TÃ…Â hoku-chihÃ…Â  TaiheiyÃ…Â  Oki Jishin), often referred to in Japan as Higashi nihon daishin-sai was one of the five most powerful earthquakes in the world since modern record-keeping began in 1900.The earthquake triggered powerful tsunami waves that reached heights of up to 40.5 metres. The earthquake moved Honshu (the main island of Japan) 2.4 m east and shifted the Earth on its axis by estimates of between 10 cm and 25 cm. This earthquake claimed 15,878 lives, left 6,126 injured, and 2,713 people missing . The earthquake and tsunami also caused extensive and severe structural damage in north-eastern Japan . Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan said, In the 65 years after the end of World War II, this is the toughest and the most difficult crisis for Japan. Around 4.4 million households in northeastern Japan were left without electricity and 1.5 million without water. The tsunami caused nuclear accidents, p rimarily the level 7 meltdowns at three reactors in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant complex, and the associated evacuation zones affecting hundreds of thousands of residents. The World Banks estimated economic cost was US$235 billion, making it the most costly natural disaster in world history. Besides these, there have been the super cyclone in Orissa, earthquakes in Latur and Gujarat all of which have caused massive loss of life, distress, discomfort, disease and disability. Inspite of all this, we still await the so called Diego Maradonnas Hand of God to bail us out of each natural crisis causing incident. DISASTER STATISTICS In the past fifty years more than 10000 natural disasters have been reported, more than five billion people have been affected, more than twelve million persons have been killed and the economic costs have been greater than US dollars four trillion. In India during the period 1990 to 2006 more than 23000 lives have been lost in six major earthquakes(Uttarkasi, 1991;Latur,1993;Jabalpur,1997; Chamoli,1999;Bhuj,2001;JK ,2005.) Enormous damage has been caused to property and public infrastructure. The twin super-cyclones that hit Orissa in Oct 1999 affected 24 Districts, 219 blocks and 18790 villages resulting in loss of 8495human lives, 450,000 lives of cattle and damaging two million homes and 23000 schools. The Bhuj earthquake was a terrible human tragedy in which13,805 lives were lost that included 1031 school children and around 167,000 persons suffered multiple injuries This was in the wake of two consecutive years of drought. Disaster defined At the cost of repetition in the text it is important for us to understand and comprehend the term disaster. Disaster is a term very often figuratively used in day to day parlance. For instance, if, as professionals, you are making a presentation on some of your work which you highly value and the response of the audience is not exactly as per your expectations despite your utilizing all available resources, you would generally refer to such a presentation as being a disaster. Thus disaster is an unexpected event in which there is a sudden and massive disproportion between the hostile elements of any kind and the survival resources that are available to counterbalance these in the shortest period of time. There is no generally accepted definition of disasters. A study by Debacker found greater than 100 definitions of disaster. The variations occurred with professional role. The commonalities in all definitions are that disaster is a sudden and an extraordinary event wherein the deman d for health care resources is greater than those that can be supplied, where outside help and resources are needed and which causes disruption of infrastructure, loss of life, material damage and distress. In short disaster is an event where the response needed is greater than the response available. One of the more professional definitions of disaster (Humberside County Council UK) would read as under:- Disaster is a major incident arising with little or no warning causing or threatening death or serious injury to or rendering homeless, such numbers of persons in excess of those which can be dealt with by the public services operating under normal procedures and which calls for the special mobilization and organization of these services. Natural Disasters As we are deliberating on natural disasters, it may be worthwhile bringing out the fact that the Indian subcontinent is amongst the worlds most disaster prone areas with approximately 60 % of land mass is prone to earthquakes of moderate to high intensity, 8% of land vulnerable to cyclones, 12% of land mass is vulnerable to floods and 68% of cultivable area is prone to drought. The hilly areas are constantly at risk from landslides and avalanches and flash floods. With its vast territory, large population and unique geoclimatic conditions, the Indian subcontinent is exposed to natural calamities and catastrophies. While the vulnerability varies from region to region, a large part of the country is exposed to natural hazards which often turn into disasters causing significant disruption of socio-economic life of communities and to loss of life and property. For the ease of understanding Natural disasters could be classified as depicted in the Figure. Classification of Natural Disasters (a) Natural phenomenon beneath the earths surface  Ã‚ ¬Earthquakes including Tsunamis  Ã‚ ¬Volcanic Eruptions (b) Natural phenomenon at the earths surface  Ã‚ ¬Landslides  Ã‚ ¬Avalanche (c) Meteorological/hydrological phenomenon  Ã‚ ¬Cyclones  Ã‚ ¬Typhoons  Ã‚ ¬Hurricanes  Ã‚ ¬Tornados  Ã‚ ¬Hailstorms  Ã‚ ¬Sandstorms  Ã‚ ¬Floods  Ã‚ ¬Sea-surge  Ã‚ ¬Droughts Characteristics of Disasters Before we proceed any further let us briefly enumerate the characteristic features of a disaster since these will help us subsequently in formulating an appropriate disaster management strategy. The overwhelming characteristic features of a natural or any other type of disaster are:- (a) Suddenness of Occurrence. (b) Vastness of Damage. (c) Loss of Life and Property. (d) Disruption of Communication. (e) Panic and Anxiety. First Day First Person Ground Zero Report From Military Hospital Bhuj GS Sandhu Masses of humanity, crushed and mutilated limbs dangling, heads split open, shattered bones, and people coming in endless streams, tugging at the doctors sleeves to leave the patients they were attending to come and see their near and dear ones, crying, sobbing, screaming. This is the lasting impression of 26th January 2001 which I will carry with me for the rest of my life.- Extract of authors interview in Indian Express dated 8th February 2001. 1. Though the Kutch district of Gujarat is located in Seismic zone V, there was a general lack of awareness of the seismic risk and its implications among all sections of the society. The earthquake struck without warning at 0846 hrs on 26 Jan 2001. The epicenter was located 30 km north-east of Bhuj and measured 6.9 on the Richter scale. The impact was sudden and devastating. The local community was overwhelmed by the magnitude of the disaster and its resources rendered non-functional. 2. Military Hospital Bhuj is a small peripheral hospital, providing medical cover in the basic specialties. In the aftermath of the earthquake, this hospital acted as the first and sole responder, despite having suffered severe structural damage and its personnel and their families also being victims of the natural calamity. The principal task was to ensure operational readiness of the hospital for mass casualty management. A number of concurrent activities were initiated. Multiple reception, triage and resuscitation stations were set up. Indoor patients were moved out because of recurring aftershocks. Salvage of equipment and stores from collapsed buildings was commenced. An improvised surgical zone with makeshift operation tables was set up on hard standing. Pre and post operative areas were marked adjacent to this zone. Patient holding and evacuation areas were demarcated. Doctors from the town came to help in looking after the sea of injured humanity pouring into this sole medica l facility functioning in the disaster zone. The local army formation provided generator sets, water tankers, tents and personnel for crowd control. 3. A simple standardized patient management protocol adapted to the locally available resources and skills was devised. The aim of this protocol was to standardize treatment, save lives, prevent major secondary complications and prepare casualties to withstand evacuation to hospitals outside the disaster zone. Graded assessment was carried out, to cope with the sudden massive influx of casualties. Paramedical personnel did the initial assessment by grading the casualties into major and minor injuries. All patients with major injuries were resuscitated with IV fluids and exhibited antibiotics and parenteral Diclofenac analgesia. The physician and medical officers carried out airway management. The gynaecologist, who was also the administrative leader of the team, triaged the patients into those whose injuries could be handled locally and those who would require definitive management at specialized facilities. The final decision as to the salvage of limbs was performed by the surgeons at the operating table itself. 4. An idea of the difficult circumstances in which this emergency humanitarian action was executed can be gauged by the following situation in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake a) Collapse of the civil command and control structure in face of the magnitude of the disaster b) Structural damage to Military Hospital Bhuj c) Suboptimal / Inadequate surgical conditions d) Lack of communications e) Lack of water and electricity supply 5. Despite these constraints approximately 3000 casualties were handled at MH Bhuj before the first relief teams arrived around 2300 hrs on 26 Jan 2001. The problems encountered in handling casualties in these large numbers related to a) Crowd control b) Documentation c) Shortages of essential supplies d) Biomedical waste disposal e) Monitoring of the seriously injured f) Disposal of dead bodies g) Evacuation to specialized facilities 6. No country or community can be fully prepared to deal with sudden impact disasters. During the first few hours or even days, the affected community is isolated and must cope up the best it can. In a disaster situation the functions of the armed forces closely parallel those of the emergency services. The armed forces are trained to develop quick response capabilities. Their management and administrative systems function in a self contained, self sufficient and coordinated manner. The armed forces medical services have contingency plans and training to cater to mass casualty management. These capabilities allowed a small peripheral hospital to act as a sole responder to a disaster of overwhelming magnitude. The author was commanding the military hospital at Bhuj, Gujarat on 26th January 2001 Medical Role and Organization As we can see the management of natural disasters involves a host of disciplines working together to combat the ills and adverse effects of the disaster incident .This text will, however, be restricted to the medical role and organization during disaster incidences. This, however, in no way, is meant to malign the importance of other public services and agencies which are equally essential and play a vital role in the management of natural disasters. In fact these agencies contribute immensely towards successful and effective implementation of any disaster management strategy and are complementary to the efforts of the medical organization. The medical role will depend upon :- (a) Nature of the Disaster (b) Medical organisation set up for combating the natural disaster (c) The degree of involvement of the elements of the medical organisation in the Disaster incidence ie whether a hospital providing relief and rescue assistance is involved or not involved in the disaster situation The primary element of any health care delivery system that comes into operation during a natural disaster is the hospital. The role of a hospital will vary, depending upon the prevailing scenario :- (a) The hospital itself is not involved in the disaster. (b) The hospital is directly involved in the disaster. (c) The hospital is indirectly involved in the disaster. (d) The disaster affects the hospital only. In case the hospital is not itself involved in the disaster situation it can be geared up fully to meet the demands of such an eventuality. In case the hospital is directly affected by the disaster situation it will then be affected in the same manner as the general population and will then have to reorganize itself to provide medical aid not only to the community but also its own inmates and staff. In situations where the hospital is indirectly affected by disruption in some of its facilities and services like water and electricity supply, communication facility it will have to appropriately modify its own plan of action. These aspects have to be built into the disaster plan of the hospital. Aims and Objectives of Medical Role and Organisation During Natural Disasters The aim of any medical organisation during a natural disaster is to provide prompt and effective medical care to the largest number of people needing that care in order to bring about early recovery and reduce the death and disability associated with the disaster incident. A paradigm shift is needed from traditional approach to a casualty under normal circumstances. The approach has to shift from the traditional ALL FOR ONE to ONE FOR ALL. The primary objectives of the medical organisation during natural disasters are :- (a) To prepare the staff and institutional resources for optimal performance in an emergency situation of certain magnitude. (b) To make the community and other counter disaster agencies aware of the capabilities, execution and benefits of the medical disaster plans. (c) To establish security, traffic control and public information arrangements. The medical role during a disaster incident includes (a) Sending Mobile Medical Teams / Quick Reaction Medical Teams / First aid teams to the site of the disaster. (b) Providing First Aid and Basic Life Support at the site of the incidence (Pre hospital stabilization) (c) Sorting out the afflicted victims into priorities for evacuation (Triage) (d) Safe and Speedy transportation from the site of incidence to the location of providing definitive care. (e) Providing Advance Life Support and definitive care at the hospitals (f) Provisioning of Rehabilitation Services to the affected individuals (g) Care of the dead and moribund individuals. (h) Prevention of Epidemics and other related health hazards (Environmental health management). (j) Epidemiological and Health-surveillance efforts (k) Setting up Communication Centres for providing relevant information to the public, community and other agencies. To carry out the above roles to perfection at the time of a disaster event it is mandatory that all concerned in the medical organization must be aware of their roles and responsibilities. Thus arises the necessity of having a well designed and integrated Disaster Plan. Failure to Plan is Planning to Fail when the event actually happens. Planning provides the opportunity to network and engage all participants prior to the event. It provides the opportunity to resolve issues outside of the heat of the battle. Experience tells us that thinking about and planning for disasters is not as painful as having to explain why we didnt. Principles of Natural Disaster Plan of a Medical Organisation The basic principles which form the template of a Natural Disaster Plan are :- (a) Simplicity It should be simple and operationally functional (b) Flexibility It should be executable for various forms and dimensions of different disasters (c) Clarity It should lay down a clear definition of authority and responsibilities and not use too many technical jargons (d) Concise It should be suitable for the type of hospital and not be so voluminous that nobody will read it (e) Adaptability Although the plan is intended to provide standardized procedures, it should have an inherent scope for adaptability to different situations that can emerge during disasters (f) Extension of normal hospital working It should be made in such a way that the plan merges with the normal functioning of the hospital (g) Practiced Regularly to make it work and to recognize and reduce and eliminate the shortcomings. (h) Permanent and periodically updated based upon the experiences gained from rehearsals and disaster situations faced (j) A part of a Regional Disaster Plan. The key issues involved in any disaster plan are Preplanning, Communications, Co-ordination, Training and Regular practice. Without these elements no amount of technical skills and modern technology can mitigate the sufferings of disaster victims. Pre-requisites for Disaster Planning There are certain pre -requisites that require to be deliberated before planning for and managing disaster events. These are briefly described as under :- (a) Hazard / Vulnerability Analysis: This is based on past experiences and the vulnerability status of the localities that are within the ambit of the administrative and clinical jurisdiction of the health care facility. For example if an area is prone to earthquakes it is important that the hospital building is earthquake proof and the Disaster Plan of the hospital is able to cater to the rescue and relief of the victims of the earthquake. It is also important to remember that Earthquakes, Accidents dont come with prior notice but Floods, Cyclones do. Pre disaster preparedness in later case can prove to be very useful. (b) The Role, Responsibilities and Work relationships amongst all the staff of the health care institution must be clarified. (c) Hospital Capability Analysis: It is also essential to be familiar with the hospital treatment capacity should mass casualties suddenly arrive without adequate prior notice. Generally as a thumb rule the Hospital Treatment Capacity is 3% of total Hospital Beds whereas the Hospital Surgical Capacity in an eight hourly shift can roughly be calculated as under:- No. of operating rooms x 7 x 0.25 (d) Hospital Community cooperation in Disaster Planning: This is also an essential precondition and the outside support must be kept on alert and must be signalled to move at appropriate time to be in position in affected area immediately before the arrival of the casualties. Who Should Make the Hospital Disaster Plan? This is the next obvious question as to who should be responsible for making a hospital disaster plan. More often than not it is felt that this is the responsibility of the Hospital Administrators only. Well, the hospital administrators do play a major role in framing, coordinating, rehearsing and implementing the disaster plan but no single individual can effectively make the disaster plan of any health care set up since making the plan is a multidisciplinary affair and all disciplines should be involved in framing a plan for the implementation and success of which they are ultimately responsible. Herein lies the importance of constituting the Hospital Disaster Management Committee (HDMC). The Suggested Membership of this committee is as under :- (a) Director/Executive Head of the Hospital. (b) Departmental Heads. (c) Nursing Supdt./CNO/SNO (d) Hospital Administrator (e) O I/C Casualty Services. (f) Maintenance and Engineering Staff. (g) Staff Representative. (h) Representatives from other support services and utility services as required. Functions of HDMC It has been commonly said that sitting on a committee is like sitting on a WC. One makes a lot of noise and ultimately drops the entire matter. Well, the function of HDMC goes much beyond this saying. For this committee to function effectively, its role and responsibilities and terms of reference must be clearly laid down. Broadly the role of HDMC is :- (a) To develop the Hospital Disaster Plan. (b) To develop Departmental Plans in support of the Hospital Plan. (c) To plan Allocation of Resources. (d) To allocate duties to Hospital Staff. (e) To establish standards for emergency care. (f) To conduct and supervise Training Programme. (g) To supervise Drill to Test the Hospital Plan. (h) To review and revise the Disaster Plan at regular intervals. Components of Hospital Disaster Plan The various components of a well thought out disaster plan are enumerated below. These components will vary from one health care institution to other depending upon the capability and capacity as well as the hazard and vulnerability analysis. Notwithstanding this, the components should focus on the following aspects (a) Efficient system of Alert and Staff assignments. (b) Unified Medical Command. (c) Mobilisation of Resources (i) Medical Nursing, Administrative Staff. (ii) Medical Stores Supply and Equipment. (iii) Conversion of useable space into clearly defined areas for Reception, Triage observations and immediate care. (d) Procedure for prompt movement of patients within the hospital. (e) Procedures for discharge/referral/transfer of patients including transportation. (f) Prior establishment of Public Information Centre. (g) Security arrangements for inpatients, casualties, property of patients and the hospital etc. (h) Evaluation of Hospital Autonomy in terms of water, electricity, food and medical supplies including gases. (j) OT utilization planning. (k) Planning for X-ray, Lab and Blood Bank. The HDMC is required to prepare a disaster manual which should be crisp, easily understood by all and should contain the details of the mode of execution of the Disaster Plan. The hospital disaster manual is a written statement of the disaster plan which is required to be activated during any type of disaster and is divided into five sections which though not sacrosanct and can be modified according to the needs and requirements but they form the template on which the hospital disaster plan can be prepared and executed. A prototype of the template is given below Section I :- Introduction (a) Disaster Alert Code. (b) General Principles of conduct. (c) Brief synopsis of total plan. Section-II :- Distribution of Responsibilities (a) Requirement and responsibilities of individuals and departments. (b) Action cards. Section-III :- Chronological Action Plan (a) Initial Alert. (b) Activate hospital Disaster Plan. (i) Notify key personnel. (ii) Activate key Depts. (iii) Give details of Resource Mobilisation. (iv) Pre-arranged wards/areas for casualties. (c) Formation of a command nucleus (i) Preferably near the casualty reception. (ii) Define roles of hospital controller. (iii) Senior Nursing Officer, Hospital Admin (iv) Clinical Principles of Management of Casualties. (v) Reception. (vi) Triage (vii) Admission of Patients. (viii) Utilization of supportive services. (ix) Principles of treatment of casualties.  Ã‚ ¬Basic Life Support  Ã‚ ¬Advance Life Support  Ã‚ ¬Definitive Treatment (d) Specific problems of Disaster Management. (i) Clinical Problems.  Ã‚ ¬Less, serious patients report first.  Ã‚ ¬Contaminated casualties. (ii) Administrative Problems.  Ã‚ ¬Documentation.  Ã‚ ¬Police Documentation Team.  Ã‚ ¬Communication.  Ã‚ ¬Friends and Relatives.  Ã‚ ¬Crowd control  ® Convergence   Ã‚  effect.  Ã‚ ¬Voluntary workers.  Ã‚ ¬Patients Property.  Ã‚ ¬Press and Media.  Ã‚ ¬Disposal of Dead. Section IV :- Check List Of Personnel And Items. (a) Designation of overall medical authority. (b) Establishment of communication network. (c) Notification rosters. (d) Triage centre with Triage Officer. (e) Personnel Assignments. (f) Designation of medical teams areas of operations. (g) Routes of disposal. (h) Criteria for patient categorization. (i) Rapid documentation cards (j) Security arrangements. (k) Plans for logistics and supplies. (l) Records. (m)Evacuation system. (n) Information booth / Help desk Section V :- Repeated Rehearsals. (a) To train (b) To test performance (c) To correct weaknesses and deviations. A brief explanation of the aforementioned template is given in the subsequent paragraphs for the ease of understanding Introduction The introduction should include disaster alert code, general principles of conduct and brief synopsis of total plan. When the alert is given all personnel must report to duty and takeover their assigned jobs. A sample synopsis is placed at the end of this chapter. Distribution of Responsibilities (a) Authority and Command Nucleus : A small disaster management committee consisting of (i) Executive Head of the hospital (ii) District Health Officer/Civil Surgeon (iii) Professor of Medicine/Surgery/Officer In Charge Accident and Emergency Services (iv) Matron (b) Action Cards : The duties of each individual and dept are clearly indicated on a Action Card. These cards describe in details the responsibilities and the actions to be taken by each and every member of hospital staff starting from hospital administration to stretcher bearers and ward boys. Action card can be carried at all times and/or kept at command centre. If the designated individual proceeds on leave / out of station, then it should be the responsibility of the stand in individual to be aware of his role as per the action card. Chronological Action Plan For efficient and effective implementation during a disaster episode the action plan must be listed in chronological order. The salient features of the Action Plan are briefly explained below (a) Initial Alert : (i) Source of Alert (aa) Accident and Emergency department itself (ab) Through telephones or (ac) Through authorities like police etc. (ii) Action to be undertaken. On receipt of information, the concerned person must gather information regarding the place, time and type of disaster incident , the estimated number and type of casualties and the source of communication. He should also have a callback number if possible to remain in constant contact with the reporting personnel. This would help in determining the time available to prepare (response time) for the emergency and the necessary reorganization of hospital services to cope up with the same. (b) Activate Hospital Action Plan : The designated hospital staff activates the disaster plan. All the departments and people involved get into readiness to attend to casualties and depending upon the nature and number of casualties, crisis expansion of hospital beds is undertaken, utilizing additional space, by discharge of minor /cold cases and transfer of cases to other hospitals/ health care centres. (c) Formulation of Command Nucleus : The command nucleus should be formed immediately and located either in or close to the Accident and Emergency department. (d) Management of Casualties : This deals with (i) Admission of patients (ii) Triage and (iii) Organization of clinical services. (iv) Further treatment (v) Collection of information for management and for relatives and media (e) Hospital Management ; Once a disaster call is made and the hospital control unit established, the mobilization of the hospital services may proceed at the speed required with the minimum loss of time. Usually a number of designated areas will need to be created. (i) Reception An initial reception area acts as the first point of triage in the hospital and distributes patients to appropriate treatment zones. In addition, the initial reception will involve the documentation for casualties. The most experienced surgeons available should be responsible for triage. If staffing permits, assign specific members to care of each patient needing urgent attention. Ambulatory patients and those needing less urgent care should go to a separate area to await treatment at a convenient time. (ii) Resuscitation A large well lit open space is needed for effective resuscitation. Patients are prepared for surgery if required or sent to the wards as soon as their condition stabilizes. A senior anaesthetist is the best choice to supervise resuscitation and to prepare, with surgical advice, the theatre schedules. (iii) Operation Theatres Strict sorting is necessary to avoid blocking theatre space with patients with trivial injuries and who happen to arrive first. They may be treated in a separate theatre (Minor O.T) or at convenient times when other major problems are dealt with. Treatment in wards or Intensive Care units will need to be organized to follow initial care in accident department and the theatres. (iv) Radiology Proper radiology assessment is needed for the correct management of many casualties. Strict triage for radiology should be practiced by staff to avoid bottleneck in radiology department and over use and failure of X-ray machines or shortage of X-ray films. Portable X-ray machines will be preferred in orthopedic O.T. and image intensifiers sh

North Korea Essay Essay

Imagine how life would be like if you lived in North Korea. A country so isolated and cut off from the rest of the world. Even after many decades from the war, North Korea and America have never truly been friends. North Korea holds America responsible for dividing their country into North and South. However there are many similarities and differences between America and North Korea. America is very different from North Korea. While we have a Constitution with a Bill of Rights, amendments and basic freedoms, they must follow whatever their leader says with no exceptions. Even though North Korea has a constitution and amendments, the leader still controls all of the country. American citizens are able to vote for their countries leader unlike North Korea, in which where the son of the leader takes his father’s place with ruling the country. So, only one man rules North Korea and all decisions are made by him. Distinct from North Korea, where people don’t have the due process of law, Americans have the right to try to prove that they are not guilty. North Koreans are brought up to love their leader and aren’t allowed to believe in anything else. For them, their leader is the greatest and he is always right. On the other hand, Americans are allowed to believe in whatever religion they choose is right for them. American citizens are all granted equal protection unlike North Korea where only high-ranking officials are provided with those same basic protections. Also, there is no Internet, and cell phones are banned from the country, which block the people from communicating with the rest of the world. Most Americans are provided with basic needs, but in North Korea, a lot of people (child or adult) go blind because they don’t have those basic needs. Lastly, because hospitals and medical care in North Korea is so bad, many people don’t get the treatment that they desperately need. Thankfully, in the U.S., we have good Medicare and trained doctors who are able to cure people every day. American rights also have many similarities to those of North Korean citizen. Both countries have very strong militaries. We similarly strive to become independent countries. The people in America and North Korea have responsibilities, duties, and limited rights. For example like paying taxes and respecting the leader/president. Even though the strictness of these  three elements may change in each country, people in both countries still have to do these things. Although America is a democratic country and North Korea is a theocracy, they both have a strong government system. North Korea is ruled by Kim Jon Sun, our government has three branches and a president. Citizens of America are required to have a passport to travel to other countries, which is a lot like how North Korean’s are needed to have documentation in order to go to different places in their country. There are certainly more differences than similarities between America and North Korea. Living in North Korea would most definitely not be easy. So many things are available to us in the U.S. that wouldn’t be available to us in North Korea. American citizens have fair rights and can believe in whatever they want. We are able to travel to other countries and live according to our rules. Over looking all of the pros and cons of both countries, America would undeniably be an easier and more unrestricted country to live in.